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Exterior of a sphere
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For both a conducting sphere and an insulating sphere, the external field depends only on the total charge, whether it is distributed on the surface (conducting sphere) or throughout the interior (insulating sphere).
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Exterior of a sphere
Storyboard
For both a conducting sphere and an insulating sphere, the external field depends only on the total charge, whether it is distributed on the surface (conducting sphere) or throughout the interior (insulating sphere).
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Equations
In the case of a spherical Gaussian surface, the electric field is constant, so the electric eield ($E$) can be calculated using the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$), and the surface of the conductor ($S$), resulting in:
Given that the surface of a sphere ($S$) is equal to the pi ($\pi$) and the disc radius ($r$), we obtain:
Finally, the electric field, sphere, outer ($E_e$) together with the distance between charges ($r$) is equal to:
Considering a spherical Gaussian surface, the electric field is constant. Therefore, the electric eield ($E$) is equal to the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$), and the surface of the conductor ($S$) as shown by:
Since the surface area of the surface of a sphere ($S$) is equal to the pi ($\pi$) and the disc radius ($r$), we have:
The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface, with the encapsulated charge on Gauss surface ($q$), the sphere radius ($R$), and the distance between charges ($r$), is given by:
Therefore, the electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$) results in:
As the potential difference is the reference electrical, insulating sphere, inner ($\varphi_i$) with the electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$) and the radius ($r$), we get:
Given that the electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$) with the pi ($\pi$), the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$), the sphere radius ($R$), and the distance between charges ($r$) is equal to:
In spherical coordinates, this is:
$\varphi_i = -\displaystyle\int_0^{r} du \displaystyle\frac{ Q u }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon R ^3 }= -\displaystyle\frac{ Q }{ 8 \pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon }\displaystyle\frac{ r ^2 }{ R ^3 }$
Therefore, the reference electrical, insulating sphere, inner ($\varphi_i$) with the distance between charges ($r$) results in:
As the potential difference is the reference electrical, sphere, outer ($\varphi_e$) with the electric field, sphere, outer ($E_e$), the electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$), the sphere radius ($R$), and the radius ($r$), we get:
Given that the electric field, sphere, outer ($E_e$) with the pi ($\pi$), the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$), and the distance between charges ($r$) is equal to:
and that the electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$) with the internal radius ($r_i$) is equal to:
In spherical coordinates, we have:
$\varphi_e = -\displaystyle\int_0^R du \displaystyle\frac{ Q u }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon R ^3 } -\displaystyle\int_R^r du \displaystyle\frac{ Q }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon u ^2 }= -\displaystyle\frac{ 1 }{ 4 \pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon }\displaystyle\frac{ Q }{ r }$
Therefore, the reference electrical, sphere, outer ($\varphi_e$) results in:
Examples
In the case of a spherical Gaussian surface, the electric field ($\vec{E}$) is constant in the direction of the versor normal to the section ($\hat{n}$). Therefore, using the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), and the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$), it can be calculated by integrating over the surface where the electric field is constant ($dS$):
Since the surface area of the surface of a sphere ($S$) is equal to the pi ($\pi$) and the disc radius ($r$), we have:
what is shown in the graph
Outside the sphere, the electric field, sphere, outer ($E_e$) with the pi ($\pi$), the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$), and the distance between charges ($r$) is equal to:
While in the case of an insulating sphere, the electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$) with the sphere radius ($R$) is:
If the sphere is conductive, the charges will distribute over the surface, and the electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$) will be zero.
As the potential difference is the reference electrical, sphere, outer ($\varphi_e$) with the electric field, sphere, outer ($E_e$), the electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$), the sphere radius ($R$), and the radius ($r$), we get:
Given that the electric field, sphere, outer ($E_e$) with the pi ($\pi$), the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$), and the distance between charges ($r$) is equal to:
and that the electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$) with the internal radius ($r_i$) is equal to:
In spherical coordinates, we have:
$\varphi_e = -\displaystyle\int_0^R du \displaystyle\frac{ Q u }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon R ^3 } -\displaystyle\int_R^r du \displaystyle\frac{ Q }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon u ^2 }= -\displaystyle\frac{ 1 }{ 4 \pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon }\displaystyle\frac{ Q }{ r }$
Therefore, the reference electrical, sphere, outer ($\varphi_e$) results in:
As illustrated in the following graph:
the field at two points must have the same energy. Therefore, the variables the charge ($Q$), the particle mass ($m$), the speed 1 ($v_1$), the speed 2 ($v_2$), and the electric potential 1 ($\varphi_1$) according to the equation:
and the electric potential 2 ($\varphi_2$), according to the equation:
must satisfy the following relationship:
The electric field, sphere, interior ($E_i$) is with the pi ($\pi$), the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$), the sphere radius ($R$) and the distance between charges ($r$) is equal to:
The electric field, sphere, outer ($E_e$) is with the pi ($\pi$), the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$) and the distance between charges ($r$) is equal to:
The reference electrical, insulating sphere, inner ($\varphi_i$) is with the pi ($\pi$), the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$), the distance between charges ($r$) and the sphere radius ($R$) is equal to:
The reference electrical, sphere, outer ($\varphi_e$) is with the pi ($\pi$), the charge ($Q$), the electric field constant ($\epsilon_0$), the dielectric constant ($\epsilon$) and the distance between charges ($r$) is equal to:
Electric potentials, which represent potential energy per unit of charge, influence how the velocity of a particle varies. Consequently, due to the conservation of energy between two points, it follows that in the presence of variables the charge ($q$), the particle mass ($m$), the speed 1 ($v_1$), the speed 2 ($v_2$), the electric potential 1 ($\varphi_1$), and the electric potential 2 ($\varphi_2$), the following relationship must be satisfied:
ID:(2078, 0)
