$T_e=\displaystyle\frac{\sin\beta_ed}{\beta_ed}$

$l_n=\displaystyle\frac{c}{2

u}\sqrt{\displaystyle\frac{E_n(E_n+2m_ec^2)}{(E_n+m_ec^2)^2}}$

$E_n=\displaystyle\frac{m_ec^2}{\sqrt{1-\displaystyle\frac{v_n^2}{c^2}}}-m_ec^2$

$v_n=c\sqrt{\displaystyle\frac{E_n(E_n+2m_ec^2)}{(E_n+m_ec^2)^2}}$

$E_n=E_{n-1}+eVT_e$

$l_n=\displaystyle\frac{v_n}{2

u}$

$E_n=neV+eV_0$

$T_c=\displaystyle\frac{1}{

u}$

$\beta_e=\displaystyle\frac{2\pi

u}{v}$


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