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Visible coverage (clouds)
Definition 
On average, clouds cover more than 40% of the Earth\'s surface:
As they are visible, clouds reflect light, resulting in visible radiation and are associated with atmospheric albedo.
ID:(3071, 0)
Infrared coverage
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Clouds interact with visible light, while the water vapor present in the cloud also interacts with infrared radiation. However, the greatest impact on infrared radiation is caused by greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. Therefore, the atmospheric coverage included in the models exhibits significant variability, as a portion of it must be attributed to greenhouse gases, which have a different distribution from that of visible clouds. Specifically, the estimated coverages are as follows:
- For visible radiation: 42%.
- For infrared radiation: 89%.
The distribution of atmospheric coverage for infrared radiation can be inferred from the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere.
ID:(13501, 0)
Radiation flow from the atmosphere to the ocean
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The value of ERROR:6523 is calculated from the temperature of the lower atmosphere ($T_b$), using the values of the stefan Boltzmann constant ($\sigma$) and the emissivity ($\epsilon$) as follows:
However, given the high humidity over the ocean, it is crucial to include a correction factor that depends on ERROR:9923, ERROR:9924, and the relative humidity ($RH$). In this context, the intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (despejado) ($I_{bl}$) can be modeled as:
The intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (despejado) ($I_{bl}$) is a function of ERROR:6523, ERROR:9923, ERROR:9924, and the relative humidity ($RH$):
in which the effect of cloud cover, modeled by a constante de cobertura ($c$) and the atmosphere coverage for VIS radiation ($\gamma_v$), is not considered. Therefore, a correction to the intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (cubierto) ($I_{bc}$) results in the intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (despejado) ($I_{bl}$) being defined as:
The intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (despejado) ($I_{bl}$) is related to ERROR:6523 along with ERROR:9923, ERROR:9924, and the relative humidity ($RH$) as follows:
This allows for the calculation of the intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (cubierto) ($I_{bc}$) using the constante de cobertura ($c$) and the atmosphere coverage for VIS radiation ($\gamma_v$) through the equation:
Thus, we derive an integrated equation for the atmospheric flux towards the ocean as follows:
Examples
On average, clouds cover more than 40% of the Earth\'s surface:
As they are visible, clouds reflect light, resulting in visible radiation and are associated with atmospheric albedo.
Clouds interact with visible light, while the water vapor present in the cloud also interacts with infrared radiation. However, the greatest impact on infrared radiation is caused by greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. Therefore, the atmospheric coverage included in the models exhibits significant variability, as a portion of it must be attributed to greenhouse gases, which have a different distribution from that of visible clouds. Specifically, the estimated coverages are as follows:
- For visible radiation: 42%.
- For infrared radiation: 89%.
The distribution of atmospheric coverage for infrared radiation can be inferred from the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere.
The intensity $I$ emitted by a body at temperature $T$ is governed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which is expressed as:
where $\epsilon$ is the emissivity and $\sigma$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. Therefore, in the case of the lower edge of the cloud, which has a temperature $T_b$, the intensity will be:
The intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (despejado) ($I_{bl}$) is calculated from ERROR:6523, adjusted with the relative humidity ($RH$), which is modeled using the factors ERROR:9923 and ERROR:9924 as follows:
The values of ERROR:9923 range from 0.54 to 0.6, while those of ERROR:9924 vary between 1.8 and 2.2.
The intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (cubierto) ($I_{bc}$) can be estimated based on the intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (despejado) ($I_{bl}$), considering the atmosphere coverage for VIS radiation ($\gamma_v$) along with a constante de cobertura ($c$), using the following formula:
the atmosphere coverage for VIS radiation ($\gamma_v$) can vary from 0 to 1, while the constante de cobertura ($c$) ranges from 0.05 to 0.4. This wide range of values is due to the variety of cloud types and associated parameters.
Considering the effects of the relative humidity ($RH$) and the atmosphere coverage for VIS radiation ($\gamma_v$), an integrated equation for the intensidad NIR emitida por atmósfera con humedad (cubierto) ($I_{bc}$) is developed that incorporates ERROR:6523, ERROR:9923, ERROR:9924, and the constante de cobertura ($c$) as follows:
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